Module 2 Outline
Module Overview
In this module, you’ll get answers to questions like:
- What does plain language really mean?
- What’s the ideal length of a sentence?
- Why are active sentences better than passive sentences?
Introductory Video
Learning Objectives
After this course, you’ll be better able to:
- Write material that your readers will understand immediately
- Express yourself clearly and concisely
- Find hidden verbs and fix passive sentences in your writing
Immediate Understanding
As a communicator, the key to plain language is to write clearly and concisely, so your reader knows what you're trying to say right away.
This module will help you learn ways to get to the point faster — by structuring your sentences well, cutting out unnecessary words, and stripping out the jargon.
Less is More
When it comes to clear communication, less is (usually) more. The more words you use, the longer your sentences, the more pages you write, the less likely your reader will understand or stick with you.
Keep your sentences and paragraphs short and focused. How short? Answer these questions to learn more.
Clear Communication Best Practices:
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
Active vs. Passive Voice
In general, use the active voice instead of the passive. It’s stronger and more direct.
In an active sentence, the subject acts (or does something), like this:
Jill gave a powerful, inspiring speech.
Jill is the subject. She’s the one doing something.
In a passive sentence, the subject isn’t doing anything.
The powerful, inspiring speech was given by Jill.
Now, the speech is the subject and the reader has to wait until the end of the sentence to find out who actually took action. Passive sentences tend to be longer and harder to understand.
Missing Subjects
Some passive sentences leave out the subject altogether. For instance:
It has been decided that residents won’t have access to the beach.
A report will be written about the chemical spill.
Without a subject, your reader is left wondering: “Who?”
Use the Active Voice
Skip the passive voice when you can. It generally makes your writing:
- Longer than it needs to be
- Less direct
- Less clear
While the passive voice may seem more objective or official when you’re writing, readers have a harder time understanding it. Passive sentences without a subject can even seem vague or deceptive. That’s not the impression we want to give in NCEH/ATSDR materials.
Make this excerpt active. When you need to, add a subject.
First, an assessment of the plans was carried out by ATSDR. Then, the draft guidance was made available for public comment. Finally, the comments received were considered and, when appropriate, incorporated into the report.
Here’s another way of rephrasing it:
First, ATSDR assessed the plans. Then, we invited the public to comment on the draft guidance. Finally, we considered comments and, when appropriate, incorporated them into the final report.
Use the Zombie Test
Want an easy way to check if your sentence is passive? Just add the phrase “by zombies” after a verb. For example:
Mistakes were made by zombies. 
Passive
I made by zombies a mistake. 
Active
A public health assessment was conducted by zombies in order that the exposure pathway might be determined by zombies Passive.
ATSDR investigated by zombies the cause of the spill and issued by zombies an advisory. Active
Source: National Archives. The Passive Voice and Zombies. Accessed July 9, 2014.
Jargon!
As professionals, we can get so used to jargon that we forget how confusing it is for everyone else. Don’t let jargon you use with colleagues spill into your writing for consumers.
When people see jargon, abbreviations, or acronyms that they don’t recognize, they just skip over them. That means they might completely miss your point.
What is your reader missing?
Take a look at these sentences.
- If your child exhibits signs of exposure, your doctor may want to determine whether the toxin was inhaled or ingested.
- Dermal absorption of elemental mercury is also a relatively minor exposure pathway.
They may make sense to you. But now let’s take a look at what your reader will actually understand.
Here’s how those sentences look from your reader’s perspective.
- If your child exhibits signs of
exposure, your doctor may want to determine whether thetoxinwasinhaledoringested. Dermal absorptionofelemental mercuryis also a relatively minorexposure pathway.
They’re pretty confusing, right? Skip the jargon when you can.
Rewrite these sentences without jargon.
- If your child exhibits signs of exposure, your doctor may want to determine whether the toxin was inhaled or ingested.
- Dermal absorption of elemental mercury is also a relatively minor exposure pathway.
Compare what you wrote with other possibilities.
- If your child has symptoms after contact with a harmful substance, your doctor may want to find out if she breathed it in or swallowed it.
- Mercury doesn't usually get into a person’s body through the skin.
Explain Technical Terms
If you have to use a technical term or abbreviation, make sure to explain what it means.
- If your home has leaded paint, look into lead abatement (a safe way of removing or sealing up lead).
- NCEH will notify stakeholders (like concerned community members and school officials).
Hidden Verbs
Verbs give energy and momentum to your sentences. But many writers hide them — covering them up by turning verbs into nouns. The problem is that once you turn your verb into a noun, then you have to add more words — like another verb — to replace it. So now your sentence is longer and more confusing — for no good reason. Check out some examples.
Source: Wright, N (n.d.). Hidden verbs. Retrieved October 9, 2014, from http://www.plainlanguage.gov/howto/wordsuggestions/hiddenverbs.cfm
Clarify
Getting rid of hidden verbs will make your writing simpler. For instance,
Instead of: We will make an adjustment to the numbers.
Just say: We will adjust the numbers.
Instead of: We will undertake an assessment of the data.
Just say: We will assess the data.
Find the Hidden Verbs
ATSDR will conduct an analysis of data from the registry so we can gain an understanding of how environmental exposure affects residents. If you want to engage in the support of this project, please make an application. We will carry out a review of your credentials and respond within 2 weeks. Our goals are to create a reduction in the number of people who become sick, have an influence on individual behavior, help consumers undertake the adoption of healthier habits, and produce benefits for the community.
ATSDR will analyze data from the registry so we can understand how environmental exposure affects residents. If you want to support this project, please apply. We will review your credentials and respond within 2 weeks. Our goals are to reduce the number of people who become sick, influence individual behavior, help consumers adopt healthier habits, and benefit the community.
By getting rid of the hidden verbs, your reader will understand the passage better — and you can cut the length by a few lines.
Readibility Formulas
Readability formulas give you a rough idea of how well readers will understand your writing. Based on word and sentence length and other factors, they rate your writing — often as a grade level. The lower the score, the easier it is (supposedly) to understand. But these formulas are not a perfect guide to clear communication. In fact, if you rely on them too much, they can actually make your writing less accurate.
Readability Formulas Can Mislead You
For instance, take a look at this sentence.
Some wood-supply companies used to add a chemical called CCA (chromated copper arsenate) to pressure-treated wood. Since CCA contains arsenic, touching or handling wood treated with CCA could have health risks.
Grade level of 10.2. Way too high for our target audience.
How about this rewritten sentence?
Some bad wood can make you sick maybe.
Readability score of 0! Even a preschooler will get that!
The only problem? It doesn't mean anything or make any sense.
The Problem with Readability Scores
Readability scores can help, but relying on them too much can make you:
- Leave out important concepts
- Skip defining essential words
- Chop up your sentences and make them ugly
Readability formulas are useful, but they’re not enough. Learn about other resources on the next page.
Source: McGee, J. (2010). Toolkit for making written material clear and effective. Part 7, 4-6, 14. Retrieved November 13, 2014, from https://www.cms.gov/Outreach-and-Education/Outreach/WrittenMaterialsToolkit/ToolkitPart07.html
Other Resources
Want an alternative to simple readability formulas? Check out the NCEH/ATSDR Clear Writing Checklist. Or use the CDC Clear Communication Index (CCI), a new research tool for CDC communicators. It has helpful tips — like always keeping your main message at the top, so it guides your writing. You can see helpful before and after examples on the CCI intranet page.
Keep Your Materials Focused
Including too much information in a public health material can backfire, no matter how accurate and well-written it is.
People might be so overwhelmed by a 10-page document that they won’t read any of it. That could be bad for their health, literally.
Instead, only include what your specific audience needs to know. If you give people a single page, they may be more likely to read the whole thing and learn some key facts. That’s a much better outcome.
Final Thoughts
Don’t let your writing get flabby. Keep it lean and concise. Your ideas will be clearer — and your readers will understand what you want them to know.
If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out.
George Orwell
Source: Orwell, G. (1946). Politics and the English language.
Retrieved October 9, 2014, from http://www.plainlanguage.gov/whatisPL/definitions/orwell.cfm
Congratulations!
You’ve finished the second testing module. Take what you’ve learned with you.
You can also take the other 2 modules in the series: